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Tuesday 7 October 2014

什么是肝炎?

什么是肝炎?

http://en.kllproject.lv/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Plant-to-Preat-Hepatitis-B.jpg
在线问答
2014年6月
问:什么是肝炎?
答:肝炎为肝脏炎症。病情可自行消退,也可发展成肝纤维化(“结痂”)、肝硬化或肝癌。肝炎病毒是全球肝炎的最常见病因,但其它感染、有毒物质(如酒精和某些药物等)以及自身免疫性疾病也能引起肝炎。
主要有五种肝炎病毒,分别为甲、乙、丙、丁和戊型。由于该病的疾病负担和所导致的死亡情况,及其形成暴发和流行性传播的可能性,这五类肝炎最为受人关注。特别是乙型和丙型肝炎,它们导致数亿人罹患慢性疾病,同时二者还是肝硬化和癌症的最常见病因。
甲型和戊型肝炎的典型病因是食用受污染的食物或水。乙型、丙型和丁型肝炎感染则通常是与受污染体液的非肠道接触的结果。这些病毒的常 见传播途径包括摄入受污染血液或血液制品、使用受污染设备进行侵入性医疗操作程序。乙型肝炎还通过母亲在分娩时传播给婴儿,由家庭成员传播给儿童,同时它 还能够通过性接触传播。
急性感染的出现可能会伴有有限症状或无症状,也可能出现诸如黄疸(皮肤和眼睛发黄)、尿黄、极度疲乏、恶心、呕吐和腹痛等症状。
问:都有哪些不同的肝炎病毒?
答:科学家们已经识别出五种截然不同的肝炎病毒并以甲、乙、丙、丁、戊型作为辨识。虽然它们都会引起肝病,但在重要方面又有所不同。
甲肝病毒存在于感染者的粪便中,最经常通过食用受污染的水或食物传播。某些性行为也能够传播甲型肝炎病毒。大多数感染 病例仅有轻微症状,大部分人会完全康复并在未来保持对甲型肝炎病毒的免疫力。然而,甲型肝炎病毒感染也可能很严重,甚至会威胁生命。在世界上环境卫生较差 地区生活的大多数人都感染过这种病毒。已有可预防甲肝病毒的安全有效疫苗。
乙肝病毒通过接触受感染的血液、精子及其他体液传播。乙肝病毒能够在分娩时通过受感染母亲传播给婴儿,或通过家庭成员 传染给处于儿童早期的婴儿。病毒也可以通过使用乙肝病毒污染过的血液和血液制品,在医疗操作中采用污染性注射和注射毒品传播。卫生保健工作者在为乙肝病毒 感染者提供保健时,可能出现意外针刺伤,因此乙肝病毒也对他们构成威胁。已有可预防乙肝病毒的安全有效疫苗。
丙肝病毒同样也最经常通过接触受感染血液传播。使用丙肝病毒污染过的血液和血液制品,在医疗操作中采用带有污染的注射以及注射毒品均可能造成病毒传播。它还有可能通过性途径传播,但较不常见。还没有丙肝病毒疫苗。
丁肝病毒感染仅发生在乙肝病毒感染者中。丁肝病毒和乙肝病毒双重感染可能会造成更加严重的疾病和更差的后果。安全有效的乙肝疫苗能够为抵御丁肝病毒感染带来保护。
戊肝病毒同甲肝病毒一样,也大多通过食用受污染的水或食物感染。在发展中世界,戊肝病毒是肝炎疫情的常见病因,越来越多的发达国家也认识到它是一项重要病因。安全有效预防戊肝病毒感染的疫苗已经被开发出来,但尚不能做到普遍可得。

Qué es la hepatitis?

¿Qué es la hepatitis?

http://en.kllproject.lv/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Plant-to-Preat-Hepatitis-B.jpgPreguntas y respuestas en línea
24 de junio de 2014
P: ¿Qué es la hepatitis?
R: La hepatitis es una inflamación del hígado. La afección puede remitir espontáneamente o evolucionar hacia una fibrosis (cicatrización), una cirrosis o un cáncer de hígado. Los virus de la hepatitis son la causa más frecuente de las hepatitis, que también pueden deberse a otras infecciones, sustancias tóxicas (por ejemplo, el alcohol o determinadas drogas) o enfermedades autoinmunitarias.
La hepatitis A y la E son causadas generalmente por la ingestión de agua o alimentos contaminados. Las hepatitis B, C y D se producen de ordinario por el contacto con humores corporales infectados. Son formas comunes de transmisión de estos últimos la transfusión de sangre o productos sanguíneos contaminados, los procedimientos médicos invasores en que se usa equipo contaminado y, en el caso de la hepatitis B, la transmisión de la madre a la criatura en el parto o de un miembro de la familia al niño, y también el contacto sexual.
La infección aguda puede acompañarse de pocos síntomas o de ninguno; también puede producir manifestaciones como la ictericia (coloración amarillenta de la piel y los ojos), orina oscura, fatiga intensa, náuseas, vómitos y dolor abdominal.
P: ¿Cuáles son los distintos virus de la hepatitis?
R: Los científicos han identificado cinco virus de la hepatitis designados por las letras, A, B, C, D y E. Todos causan enfermedades hepáticas, pero se distinguen por varios rasgos importantes.
El virus de la hepatitis A (VHA) está presente en las heces de las personas infectadas y casi siempre se transmite por el consumo de agua o alimentos contaminados. Se puede propagar también por ciertas prácticas sexuales. En muchos casos la infección es leve, y la mayoría de las personas se recuperan por completo y adquieren inmunidad contra infecciones futuras por este virus. Sin embargo, las infecciones por el VHA también pueden ser graves y potencialmente mortales. La mayoría de los habitantes de zonas del mundo en desarrollo con saneamiento deficiente se han infectado con este virus. Se cuenta con vacunas seguras y eficaces para prevenir la infección por el VHA.
El virus de la hepatitis B (VHB) se transmite por la exposición a sangre, semen y otros líquidos corporales infecciosos. También puede transmitirse de la madre infectada a la criatura en el momento del parto o de un miembro de la familia infectado a un bebé. Otra posibilidad es la transmisión mediante transfusiones de sangre y productos sanguíneos contaminados, inyecciones con instrumentos contaminados durante intervenciones médicas y el consumo de drogas inyectables. El VHB también plantea un riesgo para el personal sanitario cuando este sufre pinchazos accidentales de aguja mientras asiste a personas infectadas por el virus. Existe una vacuna segura y eficaz para prevenir esta infección.
El virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) se transmite casi siempre por exposición a sangre contaminada, lo cual puede suceder mediante transfusiones de sangre y derivados contaminados, inyecciones con instrumentos contaminados durante intervenciones médicas y el consumo de drogas inyectables. La transmisión sexual también es posible, pero mucho menos común. No hay vacuna contra la infección por el VHC.
Las infecciones por el virus de la hepatitis D (VHD) solo ocurren en las personas infectadas con el VHB; la infección simultánea por ambos virus puede causar una afección más grave y tener un desenlace peor. Hay vacunas seguras y eficaces contra la hepatitis B que brindan protección contra la infección por el VHD.
El virus de la hepatitis E (VHE), como el VHA, se transmite por el consumo de agua o alimentos contaminados. El VHE es una causa común de brotes epidémicos de hepatitis en las zonas en desarrollo y cada vez se lo reconoce más como una causa importante de enfermedad en los países desarrollados. Se han obtenido vacunas seguras y eficaces para prevenir la infección por el VHE, pero no tienen una distribución amplia.

Hepatitis types

Q: What are the different hepatitis viruses?
A: Scientists have identified 5 unique hepatitis viruses, identified by the letters A, B, C, D, and E. While all cause liver disease, they vary in important ways.
http://img.emedtvdt.com/i1/emedtv_102755.jpghttp://yourstdhelp.com/images/jaundicehepa.jpgHepatitis A virus (HAV) is present in the faeces of infected persons and is most often transmitted through consumption of contaminated water or food. Certain sex practices can also spread HAV. Infections are in many cases mild, with most people making a full recovery and remaining immune from further HAV infections. However, HAV infections can also be severe and life threatening. Most people in areas of the world with poor sanitation have been infected with this virus. Safe and effective vaccines are available to prevent HAV.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is transmitted through exposure to infective blood, semen, and other body fluids. HBV can be transmitted from infected mothers to infants at the time of birth or from family member to infant in early childhood. Transmission may also occur through transfusions of HBV-contaminated blood and blood products, contaminated injections during medical procedures, and through injection drug use. HBV also poses a risk to healthcare workers who sustain accidental needle stick injuries while caring for infected-HBV patients. Safe and effective vaccines are available to prevent HBV.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is mostly transmitted through exposure to infective blood. This may happen through transfusions of HCV-contaminated blood and blood products, contaminated injections during medical procedures, and through injection drug use. Sexual transmission is also possible, but is much less common. There is no vaccine for HCV.
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infections occur only in those who are infected with HBV. The dual infection of HDV and HBV can result in a more serious disease and worse outcome. Hepatitis B vaccines provide protection from HDV infection.
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is mostly transmitted through consumption of contaminated water or food. HEV is a common cause of hepatitis outbreaks in developing parts of the world and is increasingly recognized as an important cause of disease in developed countries. Safe and effective vaccines to prevent HEV infection have been developed but are not widely available.

What is Hepatitis?

 hepatitis
a disease characterized by inflammation of the liver. http://www.onelifehealth.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/What-is-Hepatitis-A.jpg
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. The condition can be self-limiting or can progress to fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis or liver cancer. Hepatitis viruses are the most common cause of hepatitis in the world but other infections, toxic substances (e.g. alcohol, certain drugs), and autoimmune diseases can also cause hepatitis. There are 5 main hepatitis viruses, referred to as types A, B, C, D and E. These 5 types are of greatest concern because of the burden of illness and death they cause and the potential for outbreaks and epidemic spread. In particular, types B and C lead to chronic disease in hundreds of millions of people and, together, are the most common cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer.
Hepatitis A and E are typically caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water. Hepatitis B, C and D usually occur as a result of parenteral contact with infected body fluids. Common modes of transmission for these viruses include receipt of contaminated blood or blood products, invasive medical procedures using contaminated equipment and for hepatitis B transmission from mother to baby at birth, from family member to child, and also by sexual contact.
Acute infection may occur with limited or no symptoms, or may include symptoms such as jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain.

Monday 6 October 2014

What is HIV?

What is HIV?

HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

It is a virus that attacks the human immune system. Someone infected with the virus can live with HIV or be HIV positive for many years without becoming ill or showing symptoms. During this time however, HIV remains in the body damaging the immune system and the person remains infectious; able to spread the virus to others if a few simple precautions are not follwed. HIV Virus

Over time, HIV can damage the immune system to such a degree that infections may begin to occur as a result of a weakened immune system. Eventually, one may acquire various illnesses due to the damage done by the virus.

When this happens this is called AIDS or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. That is, a collection of illnesses.

What is the difference between HIV and AIDS?

In simple terms - you can't 'catch' AIDS. You can, however, catch HIV. Being infected with HIV does not mean that one has AIDS, but if left undiagnosed and/or untreated, HIV infection damages the immune system and can progress to AIDS. 
AIDS results from the desruction of the immune system by HIV. The immune system's function is to fight off infections and other diseases. If your immune system is damaged or not working well, you are at risk of life-threatening infections and cancers. HIV attacks and destroys the disease fighting cells of the immune system. The body is left with a weakened defense against disease.

How is HIV transmitted?transmission risks

HIV is found in the following body fluids;  semen, blood, vaginal fluids and breast milk. Infection can only occur when body fluids from an infected person enter the blood stream of another person. 
Worldwide, unprotected sex between men and women is the main route of HIV transmission. In Australia, HIV has mainly been transmitted through unprotected sex between men. However, transmission rates between men and women are increasing.

 HIV can be transmitted by:

  • Unprotected sex (sex without a condom)
  • Sharing needles and syringes
  • Unsterile body piercing or tattooing
  • Mother to child
  • Blood transfusion and/or blood products pre 1990

HIV cannot be transmitted by:

  • Coughing
  • Hugging
  • Kissing
  • Sneezing
  • Spitting
  • Crying
  • Sharing Cutlery and crockery
  • Bed Linen
  • Toilets or Showers
  • Mosquitoes
  • Or through any form of casual contact

Sunday 5 October 2014

What are the symptoms of flu?

What are the symptoms of flu?

It is common to confuse flu with a bad cold. Flu and cold symptoms may include a runny/blocked nose, sore throat, and cough. Here are some symptoms which a person with flu will have. These are not common heavy cold symptoms:
  • high temperature
  • cold sweats, shivers
  • headache
  • aching joints, aching limbs
  • fatigue, feeling utterly exhausted
  • gastro-intestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, are much more common among children than adults
These symptoms may linger for about a week. The feeling of tiredness and gloom can continue for several weeks.

How serious is flu?

In the majority of cases flu is not serious - it is just unpleasant. For some people, however, there can be severe complications. This is more likely if you are elderly or have some other longstanding illness that can undermine your immune system. Your risk of experiencing severe flu complications is higher if:
  • you are over 65
  • you are a baby or a very young child
  • you are pregnant
  • you have some kind of heart or cardiovascular disease
  • you have a chest problem, such as asthma or bronchitis
  • you have a kidney disease
  • you suffer from diabetes
  • you are taking steroids
  • you are undergoing treatment for cancer
  • you have any longstanding disease that can significantly lower your immune system

What is influenza?

Influenza, or flu, is a respiratory illness that is caused by a virus. Flu is highly contagious and is usually spread by the coughs and sneezes of a person who is infected.

You can also catch flu from an infected person if you touch them (e.g. shaking hands). Adults are contagious one day before getting symptoms and up to 7 days after becoming ill. This means that you can spread the influenza virus before you even know you are infected. A flu epidemic, when a large number of people in one country are infected with flu, can last several weeks.

According to the National Institutes of Health, between 5% and 20% of Americans get the flu each year. More than 200,000 people are hospitalized and 36,000 die annually because of flu in the United States.